Renee Shepherd on KSQD's "In The Garden"

Crown Gall In Your Rose Garden

Crown Gall growing on Tournament of Roses

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and your roses

Joe Truskot, Master Rosarian

Basic Questions

What are galls?

 Outgrowths of plant tissue, Reprogrammed cells, Tumors, Not parasitic growths like mistletoe

What causes galls to form on many plants?

Insects including wasps, aphids, flies, various fungi, bacteria and viruses

What causes galls to form on roses?

Bacteria in the soil, Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Which roses are most susceptible?

Roses in the ground for more than 3 seasons, grafted roses (more so than own root), bare root roses with broken prominent roots, dug up and transplanted roses

How do the bacteria enter the bush?

Weak grafts, injured roots, frost damage, and, unintentionally, moles other ground diggers

What are the signs of a crown gall infestation?

Decreasing performance, fewer basal breaks or strong canes, decline in candelabras or flower sprays,

Small/spindly canes from the bud union, lack of normal vigor, sudden death of major canes, food/water/ sunshine – don’t help

Stem gall on a rose cane and root gall on lower root

Options and Remedies
Do nothing.

No cure - but it grows slowly, too late for amputation, vigorous roses will live for years with it, hardened galls are safe houses for earwigs and insect larvae

Do surgery.

Sharpen your hatchet, scrape down to the greenwood, disinfect with vinegar, alcohol or bleach solutions

Dig up and discard.

Remove affected plant/galls/soil, salvage what you can, make cuttings in fresh soil, add plenty of green manure to the area, plant annuals and cereal grasses from seed, let 2 or 3 years go by before planting roses in that spot

Biological Control.

Galltrol uses a strain of freshly grown Agrobacterium radiobacter

Commercially available Gallex.

Dig all around the base and discard soil, remove as much of the gall as possible, leave exposed for two days, paint on the Gallex and let dry for 2 days, replace with fresh soil

Buy a new rose.

Prepare new roses.

Soak bare root roses in a weak bleach solution (1/4 cup bleach to 5 gallons of water), kills surface bacteria/insect eggs, rehydrates the bush

Remove Bindweed.

Wild morning glory can serve as a host (bindweed, Ipomoea leptphylla), birds eat the fruit and scatter the seeds, bacteria clings to bindweed roots

Help the rose defend itself.

When injured, plants release phenolic compounds. Phenols are sent to the injured area to heal the wound. Most plant scars are a result of the phenols in action. Hungry, thirsty roses can’t produce enough phenols.

Where do phenols exist?

Phenols are present in the food we eat, found in plants used in traditional medicine, some phenols are germicidal and used in disinfectants

Healthy soil is inviting to surface critters as well as earthworms, grubs and a panoply of microbes below ground

Components of Healthy Soil

Sandy loam:

Good drainage, adequate air circulation, easy for rose roots to grow, composition is 50-70% sand, 15-20% clay, and 15-20% silt

Organic material:

Controls pH factor, provides nutrients, retains moisture

Microbial action:

Breaks down organic material, provides environment for earthworms, warms the soil, certain bacteria and fungi help a rose’s immune system, protect against pathogens and other threats, fungi colonize plant roots and create mycorrhizae which greatly extend the reach of the roots

Microbes in Healthy Soil:

Part of a rose’s digestive system, recycle water and break down nutrients, overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides harms microbes

What do mycorrhizae do?

Mycorrhizae help similar plants communicate, produce chemicals that repel pests and attract predatory insects, mycorrhizae are covered with a protein called glomalin which is composed of 30 to 40 % carbon. Glomoalin fixes carbon in the soil. Ninety percent of all organisms on the planet live underground.

What are bacteria?

One-celled microscopic organisms are oblong and rod-like, one teaspoon of healthy soil contains from 100 million to 1 billion bacteria, bacteria dots the surface strands of fungi

What are the four bacteria groups?

Decomposers: convert energy in soil organic matter into forms other organisms can use

Nitrogen fixers: from air to soil

Chemoautotrophs: obtain energy from other than carbon (nitrogen, sulfur, iron, hydrogen)

Pathogens: includes Agrobacterium tumefaciens which create galls

What do bacteria do?

All four groups of bacteria help water retention and the movement of water in soil, nitrogen fixing: from air to soil, nitrifying: converting ammonia to nitrite, denitrifying: anaerobic (water-logged soil) release nitrogen, release stored energy in the form of heat

What are actinomycetes?

More highly evolved than bacteria but not quite a fungus, best at hard to degrade cellulose and chitin at high pH levels, the smell of healthy organic soil means actinomycetes are present

What are the benefits of Agrobacterium tumefaciens?

Scientists have converted (“disarmed”) it into efficient delivery systems for genetic manipulation. The transgenes must be stably integrated in the host genome. Agrobacteria largely modify the host, particularly its defense-related genes. Agrobacteria largely shift the “hormone balance” in their infected hosts. This effect on endogenous growth regulators will ultimately lead to agrobacterium-induced tumor formation. This property makes genetic modification possible

Time to Feed

New foliage on Lavender Lassie, hybrid musk

The days are definitely getting longer and, most importantly, warmer. With six inches of new growth on most rose bushes that were pruned back in January, it's time to give them something to eat.

I say "something" because they do require a steady intake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. That's the N-P-K that must appear on every bag or box of commercially sold fertilizer.

Remember that the forms of nitrogen and potassium that are readily available for plants are water soluble. Given the huge downpours we've had this winter. It's likely that much of the nutrients have drained out of the soil beneath your garden are now beyond the reach of the roses and other shrubs.

New foliage on Gloire des Rosomanes (Ragged Robin) hybrid china

If you are committed to organic sources only, get those fertilizers in the soil now. You'll need to work them in somewhat so that the microbes which convert them into usable forms can get to work. Make sure that there is plenty of light reaching the soil so that the soil temperature heats up to maximize the microbial action.

You can also use chemical fertilizers now as well and not have to worry too much about the roses being sufficiently hydrated. Just make certain that after you apply the Triple 16 or Triple 10, you water and water well. The nutrients need to dissolve and reach the roots of your plants.

If you haven't given your roses any Epsom Salts in the past three or four years, give each hybrid tea approximately a half  a cup and water it in. Epsom Salts are magnesium sulfate. Magnesium helps all plants transport nutrients from the ground up through the stems and canes into the leaves and thus stimulates plant growth.

The recent rains are slightly acidic which most ornamental plants love so you should see some very healthy growth in the garden right now.

New foliage on Maria Callas, hybrid tea

As most folks who follow this block of come to understand, I buy my fertilizers based on price. Whatever is cheapest is for me. Plants can't tell whether the fertilizers are organic or non-organic. The benefit of using organics such as fish fertilizer or guano is based on what else is coming with the nutrients. You can bet that food sourced from the ocean will contain most of the minor and micro nutrients all plants need. Food from agricultural sources such as cow or chicken manure will also contain abundant organic material that helps to amend the soils and ensure that future growth can depend on them once they break down.

I just purchases a box of MiracleGro at a really good price. I dilute it beyond the recommended amount believing a little every time I apply regularly is better than a bunch two or three times a year.

I'm likely to give my garden something to eat perhaps every two weeks through the summer. My feeding schedule is a little bit goes a long way if you do it regularly.

Get busy. Get out there. Get your roses looking great.

New foliage on Dublin Bay, large flowered climber

Flowers for Valentine's Day: How to make them last longer

Roses at Salinas Walmart

Flowers for Valentine's Day: How to make them last longer

Although we should have pruned all of the rose bushes in our garden by now, I bet there might be one or two plants that haven’t been downsized yet. Perhaps you can make the best of it, if they still have blooms, and put a garden rose in a vase on Feb.14. If you do find unopened buds, you can pull off the outer petals and dunk the stem in tepid water. Place the rose in a warm, sunny spot indoors. It might not win “Queen of Show” but it will open.

How to keep cut flowers blooming longer

If you are the lucky recipient of a bouquet of commercially grown, cut roses (or purchased some for yourself) always re-cut the bottom of each stem as soon as you bring them into the house. Do this under warm, running water – if you can manage it - and place them in a vase into which you have dissolved a couple of aspirin tablets.

This is true science. Aspirin is derived from a chemical compound found in willow trees. It has the ability to counteract – at least for a time – the onslaught of rot and encourage the stem to uptake water. If the stem still has prickles on it, put your leather gloves on and push them all off. The rose will take in water from the area where the thorns once grew.

Continue to further refresh your stem cutting every two or three days and replace the water.

If you get a bunch of tulips, take the time to prick the peduncle of each flower with a pin. That’s the green part between the petals and stem. This allows the pressure to escape and the tulip won’t spend as much energy opening and closing as it responds to daylight. This procedure should allow them to last a few days longer.

A mixed bouquet will also benefit from the treatment above. The different cut flowers will have different life spans. As they drop petals, remove them from the arrangement.

Carry the vase and flowers out to a cool garage for the night and return it to the breakfast table. That should also extend the bloom.

Celebrate with flowers

Chocolate and wine are nice but ... remember the New Year's resolutions to lose a few pounds?

Buying flowers, especially for no occasion whatsoever, is a great way to lift your spirit and the spirits of those around you. Bring vibrant colors into your home when the skies are gray and the air is chilly. It also keep our floriculture businesses alive.

"In The Garden with Joe Truskot"

The Monterey Bay Area's new garden show airs on KSQD 90.7 Santa Cruz, Saturdays at 9 a.m. PST. Give it a listen. Featured guests: Feb. 16 Joe Ghio, Feb. 23 Stephen McCabe. Streaming at www.ksqd.org.

In the Garden with Joe Truskot airs on KSQD 90.7 Santa Cruz

Special guests and lots of practical information about gardening along California's Central Coast. We are streaming live every Saturday, 9 to 9:30 a.m. PDT at ksqd.org
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Sharpen Your Shears and Start Pruning

Correct place to prune a hybrid tea rose. All growth above this point continues to be smaller. Beautiful flowers won't bloom on such thin canes. With warm sunshine, water, and fertilizer, your rose bushes will be lush with healthy leaves and flowers.

Keep in mind the three reasons why we prune: 

1. To give the rosebush a rest. In our climate, roses don’t go dormant and will benefit from a
long winter’s rest. By reducing the size of the plant, we allow it to regain its strength at a
time when sunlight and warm temperatures are at a minimum. If there are still flowers and newly sprouted canes on the bush, cut them off. New growth will return in February.

2. To reduce disease and insect damage. It’s easier to clean up around the roses when they
are just a few canes. By removing all the leaves, dead and living, we can reduce the number
of insect eggs and fungal spores. It’s just basic sanitation. Therefore, on hybrid teas prune away everything that is smaller in diameter than a pencil. Remove all canes that are growing through the center of the bush. Keep the center as open as possible. Make your cuts at an angle always with bud eyes pointing to the outside.

3. To allow sunlight to reach the base of the plant. The warmth of the sun encourages new, strong canes to emerge from the bush. These new canes promise years of new flowers. The bud union should rest on the soil line.

Autumn Paintings by Catharina Klein

Don't those roses look like ones that bloom in autumn when grapes and medlars are ripe?

Although not many roses in this video, it does show off her talent for capturing the spirit of autumn. She was born in 1861 and was already exhibiting her work in the 1880s. Several of works in this video, especially the highly detailed ones, were bound in a book of daily poetry readings published in America in 1894. So she was already famous by then.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Of2WbFIPdxA

Enjoy the video.